△-Ontology: C*-Algebra of Substitution Mosaics on the Right Isosceles Triangle — K-Theory, Spectral Gap, and Trace Formula

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Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-09-21
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22866625
Primary Topic
Mathematics and Applications
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article
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article

△-Ontology: C*-Algebra of Substitution Mosaics on the Right Isosceles Triangle — K-Theory, Spectral Gap, and Trace Formula

Alexey (KAMAZ) Petrov, Email: [email protected] Saratov
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Mathematics and Applications
article

△-Ontology: C*-Algebra of Substitution Mosaics on the Right Isosceles Triangle — K-Theory, Spectral Gap, and Trace Formula

Alexey (KAMAZ) Petrov, Email: [email protected] Saratov
article en

Abstract

This work presents a complete exposition of the program for constructing a new C*-algebra based on the right isosceles triangle △₁ₓ₁ (legs 1, hypotenuse √2) — the base object of Δ-ontology, replacing the structureless point of classical mathematics. The work unifies the results of five stages of the program (Parts I–V) into a single theory. Main results. 1. Geometric basis. It is proved that △₁ₓ₁ is the minimal generator of the class of primitive substitution mosaics generated by right isosceles triangles, and the unique triangle possessing simultaneously four structural properties: orthogonality, symmetry, irrationality √2, and self-similarity via the altitude from the right angle. The binary hierarchy Φⁿ (2ⁿ triangles of scale (1/√2)ⁿ) is established, and the primitivity of the substitution Φ is proved. 2. C*-algebra. The étale groupoid 𝒢 = X ⋊ ℤ² of the space X of △-mosaics is constructed, and the C*-algebra 𝒜 = C_r(𝒢) is defined. It is proved that 𝒜 is separable, unital, noncommutative, and possesses a canonical trace τ with τ(1) = 1. 3. Spectral operator. The discrete Laplacian Δ = I − (1/√2)·Avg₀ is introduced. It is proved that its smallest eigenvalue equals λ₁ = 1 − √2/2 ≈ 0.2929 for all △-mosaics. This number is the spectral gap of the theory, playing the role of vacuum energy. 4. K-theory. The K-groups of the algebra 𝒜 are computed via the Anderson–Putnam complex: K₀(𝒜) = ℤ ⊕ ℤ/2ℤ, K₁(𝒜) = 0. The torsion ℤ/2ℤ reflects the binary nature of the substitution Φ and is a concrete algebraic witness of the minimality of △₁ₓ₁. 5. Trace formula. An exact trace formula for finite △-mosaics is obtained with the Weyl term and cyclic contributions. The discrete Gauss–Bonnet formula is proved, connecting the number of vertices of a mosaic with the sum of contributions of closed cycles. The formula is verified numerically on △₁ₓ₁, the square, and the hexagon. What is not proved. Symmetry of the spectrum of Δ with respect to 1/2 (disproved on finite examples), identification ζ(s) = Tr(Δ^(−s)) (does not hold without an explicit bijection "primes ↔ mosaics"), decomposition 𝒜 = 𝒜_corner ⊕ 𝒜_linking (open question). These questions are explicitly marked in the work as open. Formalization. The combinatorial core of the theory is formalized in Lean 4 without sorry and axiom in the proved parts.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Openalex Percentile: Top 6%
Mathematics and Applications
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