Chemistry in 3D: Using Augmented Reality Apps in Chemical Education

Abstract Augmented reality (AR) is a set of technologies that superimpose digital data onto our view of the physical world, usually through some form of headset or viewer. The use of AR in science has been growing in recent years. In chemistry, its main use, to date, is to provide a way to visualise three-dimensional structures that are difficult to comprehend in the two-dimensional space on paper or on a screen, for example visualising stereochemical problems, but there are many opportunities to enhance learning through AR. However, while the use of AR in chemistry can be engaging and fun, it is yet to be fully assessed for pedagogical benefit. While it looks nice, the questions educators may ask are: “What is currently available” “How can I use it in my classroom?” and “How easy are AR apps to use?” This review aims to help answer these questions. We reviewed AR apps that teach concepts in chemistry and that are available on the Apple and Google Play stores. We assessed 37 AR apps that can be used to learn and/or supplement learning in Chemistry, and provide an overview of their positive and negative features. We also summarised previous studies that assessed the educational benefits of AR and show that, if used properly, this technology holds potential in chemistry education. The target audience is high school students, undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as school and university teachers. Our work will help them to decide which of the existing apps might be useful for their particular teaching and learning goals.