Self-medication among pharmacy technician students in Offa, Nigeria: implications for rational drug use and future healthcare practice

Self-medication, defined as the use of medicines without prior medical consultation regarding indication, dosage, or duration of treatment, is a common practice worldwide and is recognized by the World Health Organization as part of self-care. While appropriate self-medication may help in the management of minor illnesses, inappropriate use can result in adverse drug reactions, incorrect drug selection, drug interactions, antimicrobial resistance, and increased risk of dependence. The prevalence of self-medication among university students has been reported to be high in many countries, particularly in developing regions where access to medicines without prescription is common. Despite the public health implications, there is limited data on self-medication practices among pharmacy technician students in Nigeria. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and describe the patterns of self-medication among pharmacy technician students, including commonly used medications, reported reasons for self-medication, and awareness of potential risks. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among pharmacy technician students at Kwara State College of Health Technology, Offa, Nigeria, between March and May 2025. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire assessing socio-demographic characteristics, self-medication practices, commonly used medications, reasons for self-medication, and awareness of associated risks. The sample size was determined using Cochran’s formula for estimating a single population proportion, with finite population correction applied because the accessible population was less than 10,000. Participants were selected using convenience sampling among eligible students who were present during the study period and consented to participate. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented as frequencies and percentages. Of the 140 respondents, 126 (90.0%) reported practising self-medication. The most commonly used medicines were analgesics/antacids (60.0%) and antibiotics (30.0%). The leading reasons for self-medication were convenience (25.0%), cost saving (25.0%), and lack of time (20.0%). Although 75.0% of respondents reported awareness of the risks associated with self-medication, 30.0% reported experiencing adverse effects following self-medication. Self-medication is highly prevalent among pharmacy technician students. Despite adequate knowledge about medicines, students frequently self-medicate due to convenience, accessibility, and perceived minor illness. Educational interventions, stricter regulation of drug sales, and improved access to healthcare services are necessary to reduce irrational self-medication practices.