Reduction of the Numbers in the Collatz Equation into Two Groups and the Results

This study presents a framework for classifying Collatz trajectories into two fundamental groups based on numerical relations between successive values and their repeating difference structures. The first group is characterized by the relation \\(X_n=X_{n+1}-X_{n-1}-1\\) and the repeating difference structure \\(134134134\\ldots\\), while the second group is characterized by \\(2X_n=X_{n-2}-X_{n-1}\\) and the repeating structure \\(1312113121\\ldots\\). The purpose of the classification is to examine successive positive integers and determine whether any Collatz trajectory falls outside both structures. A number satisfying neither group would constitute an exception to the proposed two-group classification. The central claim of this work is that no such positive integer exists and that every positive integer belongs to one of the two proposed groups. In this study, the fundamental components of numbers, their periodic scaling in positional numeral systems, and their cyclical behaviors are investigated within an academic framework. It is demonstrated that every element in the set of numbers is a derivative of base combinations starting from 1, and that the fundamental structure of the system remains invariant as the scale grows. The paper evaluates scale invariance, factorization mechanics, and dynamic invariants, particularly in relation to the Collatz dynamical system (3x+1 problem).

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Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-09-19
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22846692
Primary Topic
Benford’s Law and Fraud Detection
Type
article
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Reduction of the Numbers in the Collatz Equation into Two Groups and the Results

Alper Pektaş
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Benford’s Law and Fraud Detection
article

Reduction of the Numbers in the Collatz Equation into Two Groups and the Results

Alper Pektaş
article en

Abstract

This study presents a framework for classifying Collatz trajectories into two fundamental groups based on numerical relations between successive values and their repeating difference structures. The first group is characterized by the relation \(X_n=X_{n+1}-X_{n-1}-1\) and the repeating difference structure \(134134134\ldots\), while the second group is characterized by \(2X_n=X_{n-2}-X_{n-1}\) and the repeating structure \(1312113121\ldots\). The purpose of the classification is to examine successive positive integers and determine whether any Collatz trajectory falls outside both structures. A number satisfying neither group would constitute an exception to the proposed two-group classification. The central claim of this work is that no such positive integer exists and that every positive integer belongs to one of the two proposed groups. In this study, the fundamental components of numbers, their periodic scaling in positional numeral systems, and their cyclical behaviors are investigated within an academic framework. It is demonstrated that every element in the set of numbers is a derivative of base combinations starting from 1, and that the fundamental structure of the system remains invariant as the scale grows. The paper evaluates scale invariance, factorization mechanics, and dynamic invariants, particularly in relation to the Collatz dynamical system (3x+1 problem).

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Openalex Percentile: Top 8%
Benford’s Law and Fraud Detection
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Reduction of the Numbers in the Collatz Equation into Two Groups and the Results — Alper Pektaş · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS