Comprehensive analysis for the production of neem bioinsecticide in Colombia: from chemistry to economic analysis

Abstract Neem-based products are on the rise, particularly those with biopesticide potential. Despite this, the cultivation and agro-industrial potential in Colombia remains undeveloped. This study evaluated the chemical composition, oil yield, and economic feasibility of neem ( Azadirachta indica ) exploitation in Colombia. Different neem accessions obtained from five Colombian regions and abroad were used. Triterpenoids, phenolics, and antioxidant activity were quantified by colorimetric assays, while azadirachtin was determined by HPLC. Additionally, a techno-economic analysis to estimate the production costs and the minimum selling price of neem oil and bioinsecticide was conducted under different scenarios. Oil yield was consistent (10.86–15.2%), but azadirachtin levels varied significantly, peaking in seeds from Cesar (538.2 mg/g). Approximately 4.2 million hectares in Colombia were identified as suitable for neem cultivation. The economic simulation showed that mechanical drying and a 2-ton batch reduced the minimum selling price of neem oil to 30.4 USD/L. However, production costs remain higher than those from India. Nevertheless, a neem oil-based bioinsecticide could become economically feasible in Colombia, depending on the formulation and agricultural context, with costs ranging from 3.5 to 33.3 USD/L. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first integrated phytochemical and economic assessment of neem oil and bioinsecticide production in Latin America.