Who and when: Probation and parole officers’ decision-making surrounding the implementation of virtual supervision practices

This study explores probation and parole officers’ (PPOs) experiences implementing a virtual supervision mobile application to their existing workloads. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 PPOs from Hidalgo, Texas, and a small Northeastern State. Findings reveal little consensus regarding which clients were selected for virtual supervision or when it was used. However, PPOs often reported using virtual supervision to reduce transportation barriers, minimize disruptions to employment, and accommodate family responsibilities for their clients. Virtual supervision was also employed to encourage compliance, especially for clients with whom PPO–client rapport was already established. Interestingly, PPOs exercised considerable discretion despite the study's explicit instructions that officers employ the technology with all clients, regardless of risk level. Findings can inform future policies and training protocols as agencies continue to utilize virtual supervision practices post-pandemic.