Route-informed planning for medium- and heavy-duty truck charging infrastructure in California

California freight electrification depends as much on charging access and corridor planning as on vehicle adoption. Public agencies and fleets need evidence on whether depot and public charging networks can support truckload operations without increasing empty repositioning, modeled charging-stop requirements, and route infeasibility. This study develops an operations-based freight charging assessment for mixed diesel and battery-electric truck operations and applies it to controlled California truckload scenarios. Rather than optimizing final station sites, the framework evaluates predefined depot-adjacent and public fast-charging sites through route feasibility, total and deadhead VMT, modeled charging stop rows, active charging locations, and cost-accounting indicators. The results are scenario-level route-record comparisons and do not reflect observed daily truck operations or session-level charging dwell measurements.