A comprehensive review of the phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications of Leucas aspera

Since ancient times, medicinal plants have been the basic ingredient of traditional healing therapies, containing an abundance of active chemical components used in the management of many illnesses. Dronapushpi, also known as Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link (Lamiaceae). It is a widely distributed plant in tropical and subtropical regions, especially in India, and widely used in traditional medical systems. The goal of this paper is to present a thorough analysis of the botanical characteristics, phytochemistry, pharmacology, ethnopharmacology, toxicity, and clinical applications of the medicinal herb Leucas aspera. The current state of knowledge was analyzed using a selective review of the literature available in PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect with relevant keywords. Numerous phytochemicals, including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, sterols, phenolic components, and fatty acids, are known to give Leucas aspera a wide range of biological effects. Previously reported several in-vitro and in-vivo experimental study proved that the plant possess significant antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-ulcerogenic, anthelmintic, antipyretic, anti-snake venom, anti-asthmatic, larvicidal and anti-psoriatic activity. According to the toxicity study results, the plant appears to be non-toxic and harmless in appropriate amounts, which supports its traditional usage in various healing practices. Apart from that, the plant has been included in some herbal and homoeopathic drugs against infectious and respiratory disorders. In spite of its multifaceted functionality in traditional medicine and the attractive pharmacological potential possessed by it, most research on this plant has not yet progressed beyond preclinical stages. It is therefore important to conduct future research on this plant, with special emphasis on the discovery of new active compounds, standardization of extracts, and conducting clinical trials on it. In conclusion, Leucas aspera has great promise as a natural product source for the discovery of new drugs.