CO2 Sequestration: A Global Challenge toward Future Opportunities

Abstract The pursuit of atmospheric net-zero CO2 emissions has become a global priority among scientific communities, industries, and policymakers in response to escalating climate change challenges. Despite significant advances in carbon capture, sequestration, and utilization technologies, major challenges remain regarding capture efficiency, energy requirements, economic feasibility, and long-term environmental benefits of existing approaches. Although CO2 is seen as a global threat, it is an important source of chemical materials that should be mitigated in the path of materials synthesis. This Review critically examines current limitations in CO2 sequestration and reduction technologies while highlighting emerging pathways for the sustainable utilization of captured CO2. Furthermore, the Review introduces a carbon destiny framework that evaluates CO2 management strategies based on carbon permanence, value creation, circularity, transformation complexity, and long-term environmental impact.