A 3D classification algorithm and volume estimation of extractable blocks in dimension stone quarries

Abstract Dimension stone extraction requires precise evaluation of block geometry to optimize resource recovery. This study proposes a 3D classification algorithm that integrates a standardized shape factor with volumetric block estimation. The algorithm strictly differentiates between the Net Usable Volume Ratio (E v ) and Economic Efficiency (E e ) to quantify the actual value of extractable blocks. The framework was applied to two case studies: the Bonyad Dehbid marble quarry and the Shafagh Natanz granite quarry. Results indicate that while both quarries exhibit similar Net Usable Volume Ratios (Bonyad Dehbid: E v =75.98%; Shafagh Natanz: E v =74.06%), their final practical economic efficiencies differ notably. Bonyad Dehbid achieved a post-cut E e of 55.27%, whereas Shafagh Natanz recorded an E e of 27.16%. This discrepancy between volumetric yield and economic efficiency is primarily attributed to geometric penalty losses (V penalty ) and the market devaluation of smaller block classes, which degrade the commercial value of poorly shaped extracted material. The proposed algorithm provides a quantifiable metric for extraction planning, enabling quarry managers to assess economic viability based on 3D geometric constraints prior to physical extraction.