Visible light radiations induces differential neurobehavioral and physiological responses in terrestrial snails – A biophotonics study

Background Radiant energy of the visible white range has unobserved wavelength dependent physiological effects however their neurophysiological impact on non-vertebrate models remains in the background. Helix aspersa , a non-vertebrate model can function as applicable bio indicator because of its susceptibility with respect to environment stress. Methods Snails were made to undergo daily one-hour radiation contact of different wavelength for 10 days under regulated parameters. Morphological Shifts, apparent growth rate, and behavioural shifts such as crawling speed, tentacle retraction time (TRT), and shell closure response (SCR) were assessed. Neurotransmitter levels (dopamine and serotonin) were quantified using UHPLC with electrochemical detection. Statistical differences were analysed by two-way ANOVA. Results Blue radiation generated the most pronounced shifts, comprising continuous deterioration in crawling speed, prolonged impulses, and minimised dopamine and serotonin levels. Green radiations stimulated growth, heightened neurotransmitter levels, and exhibited behaviour close to normal, signifying stimulatory effects. Red radiation resulted in impaired growth, moderate neurotransmitter variations, morphological tissue regression. The control group retained a consistent composition throughout. Conclusion The findings validate wavelength-specific neurotoxicity in Helix aspersa . Blue together with red radiations impede locomotor activity, growth, and neurotransmitter balance whilst green radiations provides stimulatory effects. These outcomes provides evidence for snails as reliable bioindicators for determining phototoxicity of visible white range and emphasize the ecological consequences of prolonged exposure.