ECCV control benchmark for sustainable transportation: Six example solutions

For commercial electric vehicles tasked with heavy-duty freight, fuel cell hybridization is considered as a potential solution for maintaining the driving range and refuelling times of diesel engines. However, with fuel cells and hybridization in general comes a number of technological challenges, of which durability and fuel efficiency—factors depending on a well-performing control strategy—are regarded as critical. Therefore, to facilitate research in fuel cell hybrid vehicle controls, a novel and comprehensive benchmark problem was formulated for a fuel cell electric truck and is presented in this article for the first time. The benchmark was used in a competition at the 2023 IFAC World Congress, where six solutions from universities all over the world were submitted and compared for a number of driving missions. While all solutions were unique, some similarities were found in the various approaches: multi-layered control structures, multi-objective cost functions, and spatial domain formulations. The competition also highlighted the difficulty of the challenge: no solution considered all aspects of the benchmark problem, and most were vulnerable to disturbances. The simulation platform used in the benchmark is available as open source, and the first major contribution of this article is the benchmark itself. Secondly, the article functions as a survey of control algorithms and methods that are considered in the research community today; for researchers and industry professionals in the field of fuel cell vehicle controls, the provided solutions may serve as starting points and inspiration for new developments.

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Publication Details

Journal
Control Engineering Practice
Published
2026-09-18
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2026.107266
Primary Topic
Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00
Controls
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article

ECCV control benchmark for sustainable transportation: Six example solutions

Kyoungseok Han, Sandro Kofler, Marco Sorrentino, Matteo Spano et al.
Control Engineering Practice
Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies
article

ECCV control benchmark for sustainable transportation: Six example solutions

Kyoungseok Han, Sandro Kofler, Marco Sorrentino, Matteo Spano, Ankur Shiledar, Prasoon Garg, Kyoungtae Ji, Christoph Hametner, Suyong Park, Manfredi Villani, Maarten Vlaswinkel, Lars Eriksson, Paolo Aliberti, Giovanni Bove, Jorn van Kampen, Maurizio Clemente, Giorgio Rizzoni, Stefano Radrizzani, Shobhit Gupta, Zhang Peng Du, Robin Holmbom, Finn Vehlhaber, Sanghyeon Nam, Christian Simone, Nikolaus Collins, Brenin Lulka, Srinivas Kumar, Alessandro Ferrara, Max Johansson
article en

Abstract

For commercial electric vehicles tasked with heavy-duty freight, fuel cell hybridization is considered as a potential solution for maintaining the driving range and refuelling times of diesel engines. However, with fuel cells and hybridization in general comes a number of technological challenges, of which durability and fuel efficiency—factors depending on a well-performing control strategy—are regarded as critical. Therefore, to facilitate research in fuel cell hybrid vehicle controls, a novel and comprehensive benchmark problem was formulated for a fuel cell electric truck and is presented in this article for the first time. The benchmark was used in a competition at the 2023 IFAC World Congress, where six solutions from universities all over the world were submitted and compared for a number of driving missions. While all solutions were unique, some similarities were found in the various approaches: multi-layered control structures, multi-objective cost functions, and spatial domain formulations. The competition also highlighted the difficulty of the challenge: no solution considered all aspects of the benchmark problem, and most were vulnerable to disturbances. The simulation platform used in the benchmark is available as open source, and the first major contribution of this article is the benchmark itself. Secondly, the article functions as a survey of control algorithms and methods that are considered in the research community today; for researchers and industry professionals in the field of fuel cell vehicle controls, the provided solutions may serve as starting points and inspiration for new developments.

Control Engineering PracticeVol. 178
Linköping University (SE), University of Salerno (IT), TU Wien (AT), University of Alabama (US), Hanyang University (KR), The Ohio State University (US), Eindhoven University of Technology (NL), Texas A&M University (US), Politecnico di Milano (IT), Anyang University (KR)
Industry, innovation and infrastructure
Openalex Percentile: Top 19%
Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
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