The road ahead: How the future of learning is shaped through individual differences

The future of learning is often framed through technological change. Here, we show that these developments do not replace, but emphasize, long-standing questions in educational psychology, concerning why learners benefit differently from the same opportunities, how learning environments should respond to heterogeneity, and how education can support this. Introducing our Special Issue, we synthesize 28 contributions and propose a systems roadmap for future learning through individual differences, organized around eight interrelated themes: conditional learning systems, personalization architectures, cognitive foundations, AI ecologies, equity mechanisms, flourishing trajectories, methodological infrastructure, and governance and guardrails. At its core, the roadmap positions learning as conditional on configurations of learner characteristics, cognitive and motivational mechanisms, developmental histories, and contextual affordances. The surrounding layers specify how systems can respond, what forms of support are plausible, how AI accelerates both alignment and misalignment, and how equity, flourishing, valid inference, and governance define responsible future learning systems.