Indigenous Knowledge and observations improve Arctic Ocean model skill and relevance

Ocean models are increasingly central to understanding and anticipating change in ocean ecosystems. Yet these tools have been developed almost entirely without the people who observe, depend on, and steward these environments. Here we describe a framework for building Arctic Ocean models through sustained, two-way partnerships with Indigenous observers. Working with the Alaska Arctic Observatory and Knowledge Hub, we use seasonal calendars to bring together narrated observations from Iñupiat observers and output from an Arctic Ocean model. These Indigenous observations reveal model deficiencies that evaluation with academic scientific data misses and identify priorities for model development. At the same time, community priorities shape our research questions, from sea ice safety to the oceanographic conditions underlying bowhead whale harvesting success. This approach upholds Indigenous rights, data sovereignty, and self-determination while producing models that are more accurate, locally grounded, and relevant. Although focused on the Arctic, it offers a template for place-based, socially just ocean modeling in other regions. Combining Indigenous Knowledge with Arctic Ocean modeling can strengthen climate science while supporting community needs, creating ongoing, two-way partnerships.