Relevance and challenges associated with antimicrobial use (AMU) monitoring at the field level in aquaculture

The aquaculture sector is essential for global food security, and while it is rapidly expanding, the intensification of production can increase risk of diseases and use of antimicrobials. In many regions, limitations in veterinary services and regulatory oversight contribute to inappropriate antimicrobial use (AMU), leading to concerns about environmental impacts and food safety, including antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Current national AMU data are largely based on sales and import records and do not adequately reflect actual at field-level practices. This paper underscores the importance of field-level AMU monitoring in aquaculture to complement national data and support evidence-based antimicrobial stewardship. Field-level data enable the identification of usage patterns and emerging trends, including possible non-prudent or unauthorised practices, while supporting policy development, targeted interventions, awareness-raising, and market access. Despite significant socio-economic and technical challenges, improved and standardised field-level monitoring frameworks are essential to promote responsible AMU and ensure the sustainable development of aquaculture.