Teachings of Demons in Later Times (1 Tim 4.1–5)

Abstract In this short study, the syntactic structure of 1 Tim 4.1–3a is re-examined to address long-standing interpretative challenges regarding its apocalyptic warning against demonic teachings. A traditional reading of the passage, as reflected in many translations and commentaries, asserts that the opponents are accused of both forbidding marriage and mandating abstinence from certain foods. This interpretation often relies on invoking the phenomenon of zeugma to explain the syntax. However, this approach generates significant difficulties, particularly in reconciling the Greek text with the subsequent focus on dietary restrictions in 4.3b–5. The study proposes an alternative reading that resolves interpretative tensions, respects the text’s syntax and explains why the subsequent discussion does not address marriage prohibitions.