Patterns and potential predictors of impaired semen quality: Insights from a retrospective analysis in Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia

INTRODUCTION: Abnormal semen parameters are a significant cause of male infertility, influenced by various lifestyle, medical, and environmental factors. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of abnormal semen parameters and explore potential associated factors among patients undergoing semen analysis in Al Kharj area of Saudi Arabia. METHODS: This retrospective observational study was conducted at Prince Sattam University Hospital, Al Kharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Medical records of male patients who underwent semen analysis between March 2021 and December 2024 were reviewed. Data on demographics, lifestyle factors, comorbidities, genitourinary history, semen parameters, hormonal profile, and imaging findings were collected and analyzed using Stata 17. RESULTS: . Smoking was prevalent in 52.9% of participants, and 17.1% had diabetes or bronchial asthma. Nearly all patients (98.6%) had abnormal semen parameters, with reduced total (mean 38.3%) and progressive motility (mean 17.6%). Azoospermia was observed in one participant. Scrotal ultrasonography, hormonal assessments, and other relevant investigations were variably available. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of abnormal semen parameters in this cohort was remarkably high. Several lifestyle and medical factors, including smoking, obesity, and chronic illnesses, may contribute to semen abnormalities. Further prospective studies are warranted to elucidate causal relationships and guide targeted interventions.