Non-Newtonian Hemodynamics of Hybrid Nanofluids in a Stenotic Bifurcated Artery: A Magnetohydrodynamic Lattice Boltzmann Study

This study investigates the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) behaviour of a hybrid nanofluid composed of gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles flowing through a stenosed bifurcated artery. A fully coupled mesoscopic numerical model is implemented, in which both the velocity field and the magnetic induction equation are solved using the Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). Blood is modelled as a homogeneous, non-Newtonian biomagnetic fluid governed by the Carreau–Yasuda rheological law. The model is first assessed against experimental and numerical data from the literature, showing good agreement for the benchmark quantities considered. It is then employed to analyse the separate effects of the hybrid nanoparticle volume fraction ([Formula: see text]) and magnetic-field strength (expressed by the Hartmann number, Ha) on velocity, wall shear stress (WSS), and an axial pressure-difference indicator. For [Formula: see text] = 0.0.04 at [Formula: see text] = 0.34, Umax is weakly nonmonotonic at low loading (+4.8% from [Formula: see text] = 0 to 0.02) and is 20.5% below baseline at [Formula: see text] = 0.04; peak WSS decreases by 31.9%, while [Formula: see text] ends 22.8% below baseline after a weak low-loading increase. For Ha = 0.0.80 at [Formula: see text] = 0.02, the corresponding changes are limited to 2.12 %, 2.94 %, and 4.71 %, respectively, and are interpreted cautiously relative to the observed grid sensitivity.