Geometric Unification of Spacetime and Particles (II): Resolution of Hubble Tension via Scale Illusion and Identification of Dark Matter

Although the modern standard cosmology (ΛCDM model) is in good agreement with observational data, it harbors fundamental paradoxes such as the cosmological constant problem, the Hubble tension, the identity of dark matter, and baryon asymmetry. In this paper, we extend the concepts of ”fractal hierarchical structure of space” and ”cosmic energy decay rate χ0,” which derived all parameters of the particle Standard Model in the previous report, to macroscopic cosmological scales, comprehensively resolving these intractable problems from a unified geometric principle. First, by redefining inflation as a tensor-product hierarchical creation process of spatial information and setting the true natural unit at the Higgs scale, we geometrically resolve the 120-order-of-magnitude discrepancy in the vacuum energy density. Next, we introduce the decay dynamics of the vacuum in the energy budget of the universe. By formulating the ”geometric scale illusion” caused against true background evolution by the standard distance rulers assuming an invariant dark energy, we proved that the increase of H0 in the late universe (Hubble tension) and the S8 tension are consecutively resolved without altering the laws of physics. Furthermore, we identify dark matter geometrically as a ”Transverse Lepton” whose pair creation is strictly prohibited by superselection rules in quantum field theory, and derive the baryon number density and the energy density ratios (Ωm,ΩΛ) from first principles based on the spin budget of the early universe. Through this theory, the entire history of the universe—from a singularity-free birth to a ”Big Reset” at the end of its life—is elucidated without invoking any unknown dark fluids or ad-hoc parameter adjustments.