NOVEL INSIGHTS INTO ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

This review synthesizes current evidence on the molecular and cellular underpinnings of AD and how these mechanisms translate to clinical symptoms, emphasizing the dynamic interplay between biomarkers and clinical phenotypes. Advances in diagnostic frameworks, including the 2018 updates from the National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer’s Association (NIA-AA), now incorporate fluid biomarkers, neuroimaging, and preclinical staging, refining early detection strategies. Emerging disease-modifying therapies, particularly those targeting amyloid and tau pathways, offer cautious optimism despite ongoing challenges in efficacy and accessibility. Since Alois Alzheimer’s first report in 1906, our understanding of AD has evolved significantly, revealing a multifaceted pathophysiological landscape that extends beyond classical β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Recent research highlights the roles of synaptic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, tau propagation, mitochondrial impairment, and disrupted proteostasis in the disease’s onset and progression. Moreover, genetic risk factors—most notably APOE ε4 and other variants uncovered by genome-wide association studies (GWAS)—have been linked to distinct pathogenic cascades. By consolidating and disseminating up-to-date, open-access scientific knowledge, we aim to support equitable education for clinicians and researchers navigating the complexities of Alzheimer’s disease in a rapidly evolving therapeutic landscape.