Harnessing two-dimensional nanomaterials in biosensing applications – A comprehensive review

The global concerns on constructive human existence have congregated a huge amount of scientific interest in the monitoring of gases, micro-organisms, heavy metal ions and radiations along with body biomarkers. The nanomaterial-based sensors present a solution, demonstrating high sensitivity (1055 μA/mM.cm), lower limit of detection (0.00009 µM), and compatibility with modern technologies, which can be effectively utilised for health and environmental monitoring. The inherent structure-property relationship possessed by graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, CNTs, and MXene imparts higher electrical conductivity (up to 6300 S/cm) and optical transparency (> 90%). Their confined electron transport capabilities help in achieving remarkable electronic properties that can be fine-tuned in wide band gaps. This review outlines the peculiarities of 2D materials that serve as a foundation for constructing highly efficient sensors and their capabilities in influencing sensitivity and overall functioning. Also, the significance of 2D materials-based sensors is emphasised for detecting pharmaceutical admixtures, heavy metals, toxic gases, pesticides, and more in water or air. Furthermore, the review addresses the constraints, prospects, and hindrances associated with the biosensing platforms harnessing 2D materials, providing insights for potential progress. The integration of nanomaterial-based sensors holds a promising future for mitigating risks related to pollutants and chronic diseases, contributing to a safer environment for sustainability.