Prime-shift operators on Björner's complex of squarefree integers: spectral obstruction, kernel structure, and a Toeplitz--Hankel pipeline for the Guinand--Weil explicit formula

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Authors

Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-09-17
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22819788
Primary Topic
Algebraic structures and combinatorial models
Type
preprint
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preprint

Prime-shift operators on Björner's complex of squarefree integers: spectral obstruction, kernel structure, and a Toeplitz--Hankel pipeline for the Guinand--Weil explicit formula

Luca Eliseo Pavesi
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Algebraic structures and combinatorial models
preprint

Prime-shift operators on Björner's complex of squarefree integers: spectral obstruction, kernel structure, and a Toeplitz--Hankel pipeline for the Guinand--Weil explicit formula

Luca Eliseo Pavesi
preprint en

Abstract

Let $\Delta_{n}$ denote Bj\"orner's simplicial complex on the squarefree integers $m\leq n$ and let $H_{n} = \sum_{p\leq n}c_{p}(T_{p} + T_{p}^{*})$ be the self-adjoint operator obtained from the prime-shift operators $T_{p}$ with bounded weights $c_{p}$. We present a corrected and extended analysis of $H_{n}$ and of the Toeplitz pencil constructed from the Guinand--Weil explicit formula. Five groups of results. First, we confirm the structural properties of $H_{n}$: self-adjointness, $\mathbb{Z}/2$-symmetric spectrum, the trace formula $\operatorname{Tr}(H_{n}^{2}) = 2\sum_{p\leq n}c_{p}^{2}\sigma_{p}(n/p)$, and a rigorous Carleman bound for the limiting measure when $c_{p}=p^{-s}$ with $s>1$. Second, we correct several statements of the earlier revisions: the mixed products $T_{p}T_{q}^{*}$ and $T_{q}^{*}T_{p}$ do \emph{not} commute once the complex is truncated at $n$; the Mertens invariant is the \emph{index} of the bipartite block $A$, not the signature of $H_{n}$ (which vanishes by symmetry); and the kernel of the up-shift part $A_{\uparrow}$ restricted to $C_{1}$ has dimension $\pi(n)-\pi(n/2)$, whereas $\dim(\ker H_{n}\cap C_{1}) = \pi(n)-\pi(n/2)-1$ for $n\ge 15$. Third, we establish a structural decomposition of the kernel of $A$ into \emph{maximal elements} and a residual subspace of relations, and we compute the density of the maximal part in closed form: c₁ = ∑{k ≥ 0} (p_k⁻¹ - p{k+1}⁻¹) ∏_{j ≤ k} (p_j + 1)⁻¹ = 0.5675527… We then show numerically that the residual rate is \emph{not} a constant: $\dim R_{n}$ grows super-linearly in the observed range $n\le 2\times 10^{5}$, with $R_{n}/n$ increasing from $0.0196$ at $n=10^{4}$ to $0.0209$ at $n=10^{5}$. We therefore retract the numerical estimates $c_{*}\approx 0.185$ and $\rho\approx 0.0624$ of the previous revisions; the true values satisfy $c_{*}\le 0.1817$ and $\rho\ge 0.0691$ at the largest computed $n$, with no evidence of stabilization. We also \textbf{exclude} the attractive candidate $c_{*}=18/\pi^{4}$ as incompatible with the data. Fourth, we verify numerically the independence of $\operatorname{rank}(A_{n}(s))$ from the weight $s$ (Proposition 4.3 of the second revision) for $s\in\{0,1/2,1,3/2,2\}$, confirming that the rank is a combinatorial invariant of the incidence matrix, and we note the need for large prime moduli to detect the true rational rank for $s\neq 0$. Fifth, we revisit the Toeplitz pencil for the explicit formula, confirming the prefactor $1/(4\sigma\sqrt{\pi})$ of the prime-power term for the Gaussian test function, verifying the identity numerically with relative error below $10^{-13}$, proving an exact-recovery theorem for the pencil, and discussing the Hankel--ESPRIT pipeline and its bottlenecks. No proof of the Riemann Hypothesis is claimed. We emphasize that the numerical evidence assembled here \emph{constrains and falsifies} several of the structural conjectures advanced in the first two revisions; the corrected picture is more conservative but more reliable.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Algebraic structures and combinatorial models
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