Molecular, parasitological and clinical diagnosis of female genital schistosomiasis: a diagnostic yield and comparative accuracy study using latent class analysis

{"Abstract":[0],"Background:":[1],"Female":[2],"genital":[3,74],"schistosomiasis":[4],"(FGS)":[5],"is":[6,16],"a":[7,22,80,121,141,150,202],"neglected":[8],"manifestation":[9],"of":[10,21,35,63,144,152,171,185,215],"Schistosoma":[11],"haematobium":[12],"infection":[13,211],"whose":[14],"diagnosis":[15],"restricted":[17],"by":[18,102,131],"the":[19,31,60,89,96,136,213],"absence":[20],"flawless":[23],"\\"gold":[24],"standard\\"":[25],"diagnostic":[26,217],"tool.":[27],"This":[28],"study":[29,48],"compared":[30],"yield,":[32],"accuracy,":[33],"performance":[34],"polymerase":[36],"chain":[37],"reaction":[38],"(PCR),":[39],"urine":[40,72,103,157],"egg":[41,104,158],"microscopy,":[42,73],"and":[43,67,77,79,107,119,149,160,176,190],"colposcopy.":[44],"Methods:":[45],"A":[46],"cross-sectional":[47],"was":[49,86],"conducted":[50],"among":[51],"143":[52],"female":[53],"participants":[54],"from":[55,205,242],"S.":[56],"haematobium-endemic":[57],"communities":[58],"in":[59],"West":[61],"Region":[62],"Cameroon":[64],"between":[65,233],"July":[66],"August":[68],"2024.":[69],"Participants":[70],"underwent":[71],"swab":[75],"PCR,":[76],"colposcopy,":[78],"two-class":[81],"latent":[82],"class":[83],"analysis":[84],"model":[85,199],"developed":[87],"using":[88],"R":[90],"package":[91],"poLCA.":[92],"Results:":[93],"PCR":[94,139,224],"yielded":[95],"highest":[97],"positivity":[98],"rate":[99],"(73.4%),":[100],"followed":[101],"microscopy":[105,159],"(29.4%)":[106],"colposcopy/Visual":[108],"FGS":[109,162],"(23.08%).":[110],"Among":[111],"women":[112,129],"with":[113,169,226],"visual":[114],"FGS,":[115],"68.75%":[116],"were":[117],"PCR-positive":[118],"had":[120],"lower":[122,183],"median":[123],"Ct":[124],"value":[125],"(29.6)":[126],"than":[127],"PCR-negative":[128],"(32.8)":[130],"SYBR":[132],"Green":[133],"PCR.":[134],"Within":[135],"LCA":[137,198],"framework,":[138],"provided":[140],"baseline":[142],"sensitivity":[143],"100.00%":[145],"(95%":[146,154,173,178,187,192],"CI:":[147,155,174,179,188,193],"94.85%–100.00%)":[148],"specificity":[151],"95.20%":[153],"91.88%–98.52%).":[156],"colposcopy/visual":[161],"served":[163],"as":[164,228],"highly":[165],"specific":[166],"rule-out":[167],"tools":[168,207],"specificities":[170],"83.32%":[172],"62.75%–100.00%)":[175],"83.33%":[177],"62.76%–100.00%),":[180],"despite":[181],"their":[182],"sensitivities":[184],"29.06%":[186],"17.5%–40.62%)":[189],"38.27%":[191],"29.92%–46.62%)":[194],"respectively.":[195],"Conclusion:":[196],"The":[197],"confirmed":[200],"that":[201],"negative":[203],"result":[204],"traditional":[206],"cannot":[208,231],"rule":[209],"out":[210],"necessitating":[212],"use":[214],"complementary":[216],"tools.":[218],"However,":[219],"clinicians":[220],"should":[221],"interpret":[222],"positive":[223],"outcomes":[225],"care,":[227],"molecular":[229],"detection":[230],"distinguish":[232],"active":[234],"infection,":[235],"recent":[236],"parasite":[237],"exposure,":[238],"or":[239],"residual":[240],"DNA":[241],"past":[243],"infections.":[244]}

Authors

Publication Details

Journal
Parasitology Research
Published
2026-09-18
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-026-08753-8
Primary Topic
Parasites and Host Interactions
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00
Controls
|||
ALL TIME
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
article

Molecular, parasitological and clinical diagnosis of female genital schistosomiasis: a diagnostic yield and comparative accuracy study using latent class analysis

Adela Ngwewondo, Clarisse Engowei Mbah, Forgu Esemu Livo, Godlove Bunda Wepnje et al.
Parasitology Research
Parasites and Host Interactions
article

Molecular, parasitological and clinical diagnosis of female genital schistosomiasis: a diagnostic yield and comparative accuracy study using latent class analysis

Adela Ngwewondo, Clarisse Engowei Mbah, Forgu Esemu Livo, Godlove Bunda Wepnje, Elvis Monya, Roger Somo Moyou, Kingsley Ombaku Sama
article en

Abstract

Abstract Background: Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) is a neglected manifestation of Schistosoma haematobium infection whose diagnosis is restricted by the absence of a flawless "gold standard" diagnostic tool. This study compared the yield, accuracy, performance of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), urine egg microscopy, and colposcopy. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 143 female participants from S. haematobium-endemic communities in the West Region of Cameroon between July and August 2024. Participants underwent urine microscopy, genital swab PCR, and colposcopy, and a two-class latent class analysis model was developed using the R package poLCA. Results: PCR yielded the highest positivity rate (73.4%), followed by urine egg microscopy (29.4%) and colposcopy/Visual FGS (23.08%). Among women with visual FGS, 68.75% were PCR-positive and had a lower median Ct value (29.6) than PCR-negative women (32.8) by SYBR Green PCR. Within the LCA framework, PCR provided a baseline sensitivity of 100.00% (95% CI: 94.85%–100.00%) and a specificity of 95.20% (95% CI: 91.88%–98.52%). urine egg microscopy and colposcopy/visual FGS served as highly specific rule-out tools with specificities of 83.32% (95% CI: 62.75%–100.00%) and 83.33% (95% CI: 62.76%–100.00%), despite their lower sensitivities of 29.06% (95% CI: 17.5%–40.62%) and 38.27% (95% CI: 29.92%–46.62%) respectively. Conclusion: The LCA model confirmed that a negative result from traditional tools cannot rule out infection necessitating the use of complementary diagnostic tools. However, clinicians should interpret positive PCR outcomes with care, as molecular detection cannot distinguish between active infection, recent parasite exposure, or residual DNA from past infections.

Parasitology Research
Gender equality
Openalex Percentile: Top 9%
Parasites and Host Interactions
AI Navigator

Ask Laika to Summarize, Analyze, and Connect papers live on the map.

Summarize Papers & Methodologies

Extract key findings, datasets, and comparative methods across publications.

Benchmark Rankings & Visual Analytics

Rank top research institutions, authors, funders, topics, and journals by Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) and paper volume with instant charts.

Connect Distant Disciplines

Bridge topological clusters on the map to find hidden collaborative intersections.