Impact of hybrid nanoparticles-diesel fuel blends at various dosages on compression ignition engine performance, emission and economic behaviour

This study investigates the effects of hybrid nanoparticles composed of equal proportions of aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) and copper oxide (CuO) on the performance, emissions, and economic feasibility of a diesel-fueled CI engine. Nanoparticle–diesel blends were prepared at concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm using ultrasonication and characterized via FE-SEM and EDS analyses. Experimental results identified the 75-ppm concentration as optimal, improving brake thermal efficiency by 20% at full load, while reducing brake specific fuel consumption by 17%, respectively, compared to pure diesel. Emissions were significantly reduced, including CO (27%), HC (26%), NO x (22%), and smoke opacity across all load conditions. Economic analysis showed additive costs ranging from approximately $0.0012 to $0.0046 per liter, with a fixed processing cost of about $0.012 per liter. Fuel savings due to reduced fuel consumption ranged from $0.074 to $0.18 per liter, resulting in positive net savings for all blends. The 75-ppm blend yielded the highest net saving of about $0.165 per liter, making it the most cost-effective option. Overall, hybrid nanoparticles demonstrate strong potential for cleaner, more efficient, and economically viable diesel engine operation without increasing NO x emissions.