ZSM-5 Zeolite for Catalytic Cracking of Non-Edible Oil: Strategies for Coke Suppression

In the context of energy security strategies, advancing the green and low-carbon energy transition is critical for achieving the “dual carbon” goals. A key technology in this transition is the catalytic cracking of non-edible oil to produce clean biofuels, which plays a vital role in accelerating industrial restructuring and upgrading traditional energy systems. However, ZSM-5 zeolites, the most widely used catalysts in this process, commonly encounter challenges such as coke deposition and subsequent deactivation. With a focus on the underlying reaction mechanism, this review provides an in-depth analysis of the origins of coke formation and systematically explores the key influencing factors, namely the acidic properties, pore architecture, and Si/Al ratio of ZSM-5 zeolites. Furthermore, recent advances in ex situ characterization and real-time monitoring techniques for identifying coke origins, composition, and spatial distribution are summarized. Building on these insights, we detail various strategies to suppress coke deposition, including constructing hierarchical pore structures, metal doping, core–shell catalyst design, plasma catalysis, and microwave-assisted techniques. Finally, we propose perspectives and recommendations for enhancing the coking resistance of ZSM-5 zeolites.