Conceptualizing Internalized Binegativity: Insights from Theory, Measurement, and Intervention

Internalized binegativity is a bisexual-specific form of internalized stigma that devalues bisexuality as a legitimate and stable sexual orientation. Although internalized binegativity and its psychosocial correlates have been studied, measured, and targeted through interventions, there has yet to be a comprehensive review that formalizes the theoretical bases of this form of internalized stigma. This review offers a thorough examination of extant literature associated with current conceptualizations of internalized binegativity. Specifically, we reviewed: (1) theory and research on structural and interpersonal stigma against bisexual people, (2) content and structure of internalized binegativity informed by measures of internalized stigma related to sexual orientation, and (3) other research on internalized binegativity, including variability of among bisexuals, relationship to other variables, and interventions targeting internalized binegativity. Based on our review, we identified these aspects as important to a full understanding of this construct: multidimensionality, intersectionality, cultural-responsiveness, and inclusion of heterosexism, monosexism, binegativity and bi-affirmation.