Callous-Unemotional Traits in Children and Parent–Child Relationships: A Cycle of Mutual Influences?

OBJECTIVE: Children with elevated callous-unemotional (CU) traits display shallow affect, a lack of concern for the feelings of others, and a lack of guilt or remorse. These deficits may elicit negative reactions from their caregivers and thereby impede the development of a warm, harmonious parent-child relationship. Over time, these relational difficulties may exacerbate CU manifestations in children and thus perpetuate a maladaptive developmental cycle. This study aimed to test transactional associations between child CU traits and the quality of mother-child interactions. METHOD: A community sample of 237 mostly White middle-class dyads (121 girls) was assessed at three waves. Mother-child mutual responsiveness was evaluated based on videotaped interactions at ages 2, 4, and 6 years. Child CU traits were reported by mothers and fathers at the same timepoints. RESULTS: The analyses suggested that across both time intervals, child CU traits significantly predicted subsequent deteriorations in mother-child mutual responsiveness, but not vice-versa. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that young children with CU traits may inadvertently thwart the quality of their relationships with their caregivers, which can have significant consequences for their ongoing socioemotional development. It may therefore be judicious to implement existing intervention strategies that seek to enhance the quality of parent-child interactions in dyads where children have elevated CU traits, so as to interrupt this negative cycle.