Production–Comprehension Asymmetry in the Processing of Multiple Adjuncts in Korean and its Psycholinguistic Implications

{"This":[0,87,223],"study":[1],"examined":[2],"word-order":[3],"preferences":[4],"in":[5,35,84],"Korean":[6,30],"sentences":[7,64],"containing":[8],"temporal":[9,184,201],"and":[10,20,126,240],"locative":[11,70,214],"adjuncts,":[12,202,215],"focusing":[13],"on":[14],"the":[15,76,194],"interplay":[16],"between":[17,238],"\\"TIME-before-PLACE":[18],"(TbP)\\"":[19],"\\"LONG-before-SHORT":[21],"(LbS)\\"":[22],"preferences.":[23],"While":[24],"LbS":[25,110,233],"is":[26,92],"well":[27],"established":[28],"for":[29,81],"argument":[31,226,239],"structures,":[32],"its":[33],"role":[34],"adjunct":[36,90,241],"processing":[37,242],"remained":[38],"unclear.":[39],"Experiment":[40,101],"1":[41],"investigated":[42],"production":[43],"via":[44],"sentence":[45],"elicitation":[46],"with":[47,75,225],"constituents":[48],"of":[49,63,197],"varying":[50],"lengths.":[51],"Results":[52],"revealed":[53],"a":[54,116,134,138,172],"robust":[55],"TbP":[56,66,108,146,178],"preference":[57],"(85%)":[58],"dominating":[59],"over":[60,153],"LbS:":[61],"68%":[62],"maintained":[65],"order":[67],"even":[68],"when":[69,133,145,159,211],"adjuncts":[71],"were":[72,157,162],"lengthened-contrasting":[73],"sharply":[74],"33%":[77],"canonical":[78],"ordering":[79,91],"observed":[80],"lengthened":[82],"arguments":[83],"prior":[85],"research.":[86],"suggests":[88],"that":[89],"governed":[93],"by":[94],"semantic-structural":[95,181],"principles":[96],"rather":[97],"than":[98],"dependency":[99],"minimization.":[100],"2":[102],"employed":[103],"eye-tracking":[104],"during":[105],"reading.":[106],"Neither":[107],"nor":[109],"independently":[111],"affected":[112],"reading":[113,124,128],"times.":[114],"However,":[115],"significant":[117],"interaction":[118],"emerged":[119],"across":[120],"go-past":[121],"time,":[122,125],"second-pass":[123],"total":[127],"time.":[129],"Processing":[130,155],"difficulty":[131],"increased":[132],"longer":[135],"constituent":[136],"preceded":[137],"shorter":[139],"one":[140],"only":[141],"under":[142],"PLACE-before-TIME":[143],"order;":[144],"was":[147,151],"maintained,":[148],"SHORT-before-LONG":[149],"(SbL)":[150],"preferred":[152],"LbS.":[154],"costs":[156],"greatest":[158],"both":[160,229],"factors":[161],"simultaneously":[163],"violated":[164],"(Short":[165],"PLACE-Long":[166],"TIME":[167],"condition).":[168],"These":[169],"findings":[170],"demonstrate":[171],"clear":[173],"production-comprehension":[174],"asymmetry.":[175],"In":[176,189],"production,":[177],"dominance":[179],"reflects":[180],"organization":[182],"prioritizing":[183],"framing":[185],"before":[186],"spatial":[187],"specification.":[188],"comprehension,":[190],"sensitivity":[191],"emerges":[192],"from":[193,220],"joint":[195],"operation":[196],"two":[198],"adjunct-specific":[199],"principles:":[200],"as":[203,216],"event-external":[204],"discourse":[205],"anchors,":[206],"are":[207],"processed":[208],"most":[209],"efficiently":[210],"sentence-initial,":[212],"while":[213],"event-internal":[217],"quasi-arguments,":[218],"benefit":[219],"verb-proximal":[221],"positioning.":[222],"contrasts":[224],"processing,":[227],"where":[228],"modalities":[230],"show":[231],"consistent":[232],"preferences,":[234],"revealing":[235],"qualitative":[236],"differences":[237],"mechanisms.":[243]}

Authors

Institutions

Publication Details

Journal
Language and Speech
Published
2026-09-17
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1177/00238309261477344
Primary Topic
Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

Funders

Controls
|||
ALL TIME
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
article

Production–Comprehension Asymmetry in the Processing of Multiple Adjuncts in Korean and its Psycholinguistic Implications

Hyenyeong Chung, Yunju Nam, Upyong Hong, Soojeong Kim
Language and Speech
Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
article

Production–Comprehension Asymmetry in the Processing of Multiple Adjuncts in Korean and its Psycholinguistic Implications

Hyenyeong Chung, Yunju Nam, Upyong Hong, Soojeong Kim
article en

Abstract

This study examined word-order preferences in Korean sentences containing temporal and locative adjuncts, focusing on the interplay between "TIME-before-PLACE (TbP)" and "LONG-before-SHORT (LbS)" preferences. While LbS is well established for Korean argument structures, its role in adjunct processing remained unclear. Experiment 1 investigated production via sentence elicitation with constituents of varying lengths. Results revealed a robust TbP preference (85%) dominating over LbS: 68% of sentences maintained TbP order even when locative adjuncts were lengthened-contrasting sharply with the 33% canonical ordering observed for lengthened arguments in prior research. This suggests that adjunct ordering is governed by semantic-structural principles rather than dependency minimization. Experiment 2 employed eye-tracking during reading. Neither TbP nor LbS independently affected reading times. However, a significant interaction emerged across go-past time, second-pass reading time, and total reading time. Processing difficulty increased when a longer constituent preceded a shorter one only under PLACE-before-TIME order; when TbP was maintained, SHORT-before-LONG (SbL) was preferred over LbS. Processing costs were greatest when both factors were simultaneously violated (Short PLACE-Long TIME condition). These findings demonstrate a clear production-comprehension asymmetry. In production, TbP dominance reflects semantic-structural organization prioritizing temporal framing before spatial specification. In comprehension, sensitivity emerges from the joint operation of two adjunct-specific principles: temporal adjuncts, as event-external discourse anchors, are processed most efficiently when sentence-initial, while locative adjuncts, as event-internal quasi-arguments, benefit from verb-proximal positioning. This contrasts with argument processing, where both modalities show consistent LbS preferences, revealing qualitative differences between argument and adjunct processing mechanisms.

Language and Speech
Konkuk University (KR), Hanyang University (KR)
Hanyang University
Quality Education
Openalex Percentile: Top 10%
Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
AI Navigator

Ask Laika to Summarize, Analyze, and Connect papers live on the map.

Summarize Papers & Methodologies

Extract key findings, datasets, and comparative methods across publications.

Benchmark Rankings & Visual Analytics

Rank top research institutions, authors, funders, topics, and journals by Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) and paper volume with instant charts.

Connect Distant Disciplines

Bridge topological clusters on the map to find hidden collaborative intersections.