Seroprevalence of Brucella species antibodies in camels and farmers knowledge, attitudes, and practices in Hararghe, Eastern Ethiopia

Camel brucellosis is a neglected and reemerging bacterial zoonotic disease that significantly impacts the economy, the veterinary and public health sectors, particularly in pastoral areas. Despite its considerable public health risk, there is insufficient evidence regarding the seroprevalence of Brucella species antibodies in camel and farmers’ knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAPs) in the study area. This study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of Brucella species antibodies in camel and evaluate the KAPs of farmers regarding brucellosis. A cross-sectional study involving 528 camels and 120 camel owners was conducted from March to September 2024 in four districts of Hararghe Zones, using a multi-stage sampling. Camel sera were tested for Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA), and a structured questionnaire was used to assess KAPs regarding camel seropositivity for antibodies against Brucella species. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and mixed-effects logistic regression model in STATA 19. The apparent seroprevalence of Brucella species antibodies in camel was 3.79% (95% CI: 2.45–5.80) based on serial RBPT and iELISA testing. Age, herd size, cohabitation, and abortion history were significant factors, with higher odds of seropositivity in older camels (aOR = 8.30, 18 95% CI: 1.53–45.16) and large herds (aOR = 12.12, 95% CI: 2.64–55.72). The proportions of farmers with good knowledge, desirable attitudes, and good practices were 24.17% (95% CI: 17.39–32.55), 42.50% (95% CI: 34.02–51.44), and 35.00% (95% CI: 27.05–43.88), respectively. Educational level was significantly associated with knowledge and practice scores. Around two-thirds (62.50%) of the respondents who attend secondary school had good knowledge, followed by elementary school (32.14%) and illiterates (11.32%). The study highlights a moderate seroprevalence of Brucella species antibodies in camel along with poor KAPs. This condition raises a One Health concern, as it impacts both livestock and public health. To address this issue, it is crucial to implement targeted training programs and regular herd screenings.