Navigating Organisational Change in the Australian Public Service: Demographic Shifts and Leadership Perception

Organisational cultural change driven by demographic shifts is affecting employee perceptions of leadership roles within the Australian Public Service (APS). Despite longstanding diversity challenges, the APS has implemented policies to increase female employees’ representation in senior roles. This study examines the demographic composition and perceptions of Senior Executive Service (SES) leaders in the APS from 2018 to 2024, using APS census data (N = 127,262) and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression to analyse relationships among age, gender, and perceived leadership effectiveness. Our findings show a statistically significant increase in women in SES positions concurrent with the implementation of APS gender-equity strategies, alongside declining millennial (under 40) representation. Regression analysis indicates that female employees and younger staff report significantly more positive perceptions of SES leadership, while older employees view leadership effectiveness more negatively. While gender diversity has improved, generational gaps persist in leadership perceptions. The study highlights the need for cross-culturally responsive leadership addressing demographic diversity, generational differences, and digital transformation in public sector organisations. Aligning with cross-cultural management themes, the research shows how representative leadership must evolve to navigate cultural change, AI adoption, and remote work demands in increasingly diverse globalised workplaces.