Two-Stage Robust Resilience Enhancement Strategy for Distribution Networks Considering Compound Ice Storm Hazards

Ice storms threaten distribution network resilience through combined mechanical loading and secondary failures, increasing the risk of prolonged power interruptions. This paper proposes a two-stage robust energy storage planning strategy for evolving ice storm conditions. A line failure probability model combines wind, ice, and gravity loads with fuzzy inference of secondary hazard effects to generate time-varying failure scenarios. Overall and important load resilience indices characterize system performance and the restoration of essential electricity services. The optimization model coordinates energy storage siting, sizing, and scheduling while accounting for investment, operation, electricity purchase, and load-loss costs. The model is solved using column-and-constraint generation and evaluated on a modified IEEE 33-bus distribution network. In the reported worst-case scenario, total energy not supplied decreases from 18.4 to 10.9 MWh with energy storage, a reduction of 40.8%. Energy not supplied to important loads decreases from 1.33 to 0.24 MW—a reduction of 82.0%. These reductions quantify unserved energy rather than changes in the absolute resilience indices. The results indicate that coordinated storage planning and scheduling can reduce outage consequences and prioritize important loads within the evaluated network, scenarios, and benchmark parameter settings.