When and why are social categories overused relative to individuating information? A Bayesian approach to identifying biases in impression formation processes.
{"When":[0],"making":[1],"inferences":[2],"about":[3,154],"others,":[4],"people":[5],"often":[6],"need":[7],"to":[8,37,66,121,179],"integrate":[9],"multiple":[10],"types":[11],"of":[12,83,92,97,104,136,140,147,190,239],"information,":[13],"including":[14],"the":[15,77,89,155,164,186,205,216,220,237],"person's":[16],"social":[17],"categories":[18,110,172,194],"(e.g.,":[19,27],"occupation)":[20],"as":[21,23],"well":[22],"other":[24],"\\"individuating\\"":[25],"information":[26,130],"their":[28,180],"behaviors).":[29],"The":[30],"current":[31,78,217],"work":[32,79,218],"reexamines":[33],"this":[34,75,98,143,240],"integration":[35],"process":[36],"understand":[38],"when":[39,197,244],"and":[40,59,222,235,245],"why":[41,246],"it":[42],"produces":[43],"biases":[44,248],"involving":[45],"overreliance":[46],"on":[47,87],"category":[48,137,206,227],"information.":[49],"We":[50],"identify":[51],"two":[52],"key":[53],"challenges":[54],"in":[55,73,95,114,118,142,145,169],"identifying":[56,226],"such":[57,247],"biases,":[58],"develop":[60],"a":[61,70,81,102,191],"novel":[62,84],"Bayesian":[63,99],"modeling":[64],"approach":[65,241],"overcome":[67],"them.":[68],"As":[69],"first":[71,187],"step":[72],"applying":[74],"approach,":[76],"examined":[80],"set":[82],"predictions":[85],"based":[86],"viewing":[88],"continuum":[90],"model":[91],"impression":[93],"formation":[94],"light":[96],"approach.":[100],"Specifically,":[101],"series":[103],"six":[105],"studies":[106],"tested":[107],"whether":[108],"occupation":[109],"might":[111],"be":[112],"overused":[113],"general,":[115],"or":[116,129,175],"especially":[117,207],"conditions":[119,149],"thought":[120],"reduce":[122],"effortful":[123],"processing":[124,210],"(i.e.,":[125,200],"greater":[126],"cognitive":[127],"load":[128,156],"consistency).":[131],"Results":[132],"showed":[133],"no":[134],"evidence":[135,162,189],"overuse,":[138],"nor":[139],"shifts":[141],"direction,":[144],"any":[146],"these":[148,171],"(though":[150],"some":[151],"ambiguity":[152],"remained":[153],"manipulation's":[157],"effectiveness).":[158],"This":[159],"provides":[160],"initial":[161],"against":[163],"idea":[165],"that":[166,229],"intrinsic":[167],"differences":[168],"how":[170],"are":[173],"processed":[174],"represented":[176],"will":[177],"lead":[178],"overuse.":[181],"A":[182],"seventh":[183],"study":[184],"provided":[185],"direct":[188],"case":[192],"where":[193],"were":[195,212],"overused:":[196],"contextual":[198],"factors":[199],"background":[201],"goals)":[202],"made":[203],"them":[204],"relevant,":[208],"while":[209],"resources":[211],"limited.":[213],"More":[214],"broadly,":[215],"developed":[219],"theoretical":[221],"methodological":[223],"foundations":[224],"for":[225,242],"overuse":[228],"stems":[230],"from":[231],"biased":[232],"inference":[233],"processes":[234],"demonstrated":[236],"power":[238],"understanding":[243],"occur.":[249],"(PsycInfo":[250],"Database":[251],"Record":[252],"(c)":[253],"2026":[254],"APA,":[255],"all":[256],"rights":[257],"reserved).":[258]}
Authors
- William A. Cunningham (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7063-5859)
- Thalia Vrantsidis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0766-9041)
Institutions
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Mississippi State University (US)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2026-09-17
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000495
- Primary Topic
- Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada