Stress pathways to harsh verbal discipline: Understanding parental distress in families of children with disabilities.

< .05), with sensitivity analyses indicating this pathway was most pronounced for children with multiple disabilities and for boys. Findings suggest that parental distress is a statistically significant pathway linking disability-related caregiving to harsh verbal discipline and that supporting caregiver mental health may help promote positive parenting in these families. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).