A CsWRKY46-CsPBL9-CsARI1 tripartite regulatory module coordinates H2O2 production and callose deposition in citrus fruit immunity

Plant immunity against pathogens involves multiple immune responses and intricate regulatory networks. However, how immune networks are deployed in fruit remains poorly understood. Here, we show that citrus fruit immune responses, including hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) production and callose deposition, are multiply regulated by transcriptional activation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Citrus sinensis genes encoding nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase CsRBOHG and callose synthase CsCalS5, responsible for H 2 O 2 production and callose deposition, respectively, are transcriptionally activated by CsWRKY46. Phosphorylation-enhanced activity of CsRBOHG by CsPBL9 enhances immunity. RING1-IBR-RING2 (RBR)-type E3 ligase CsARI1, acting as an immune brake, ubiquitinates CsRBOHG and CsCalS5 for degradation. Interestingly, CsARI1 also shows a moonlight function wherein it interacts with CsPBL9 in a non-ubiquitination manner, disrupting CsPBL9's interaction with CsRBOHG. This CsARI1-CsPBL9 interaction is stimulated by H 2 O 2 as feedback. Moreover, H 2 O 2 contributes to callose deposition, indicating an interplay between two immune responses. Our study reveals a tripartite regulatory hub orchestrating self-linked immunity in citrus fruit.