Prime-shift operators on Bj\"orner's complex of squarefree integers: spectral obstruction, and an extended Toeplitz pencil for the explicit formula recovering 1839 nontrivial zeros of $\zeta$

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Authors

Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-09-16
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22798871
Primary Topic
Advanced Algebra and Geometry
Type
preprint
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preprint

Prime-shift operators on Bj\"orner's complex of squarefree integers: spectral obstruction, and an extended Toeplitz pencil for the explicit formula recovering 1839 nontrivial zeros of $\zeta$

Luca Eliseo Pavesi
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Advanced Algebra and Geometry
preprint

Prime-shift operators on Bj\"orner's complex of squarefree integers: spectral obstruction, and an extended Toeplitz pencil for the explicit formula recovering 1839 nontrivial zeros of $\zeta$

Luca Eliseo Pavesi
preprint en

Abstract

Let $\Delta_{n}$ denote Bj\"orner's simplicial complex on the squarefree integers $m\leq n$ and let $H_{n} = \sum_{p\leq n} c_{p}(T_{p} + T_{p}^{*})$ be the self-adjoint operator obtained from the prime-shift operators $T_{p}$ with bounded weights $c_{p}$. We prove three groups of results on $H_{n}$. First, $H_{n}$ is self-adjoint with a $\mathbb{Z}/2$-symmetric spectrum, its second moment admits the exact trace formula $\operatorname{Tr}(H_{n}^{2}) = 2\sum_{p\leq n} c_{p}^{2}\sigma_{p}(n/p)$, and its moment sequence satisfies Carleman's criterion. Second, the kernel of $H_{n}$ has positive density, with the exact dimension formula $\dim \ker(H_{n}) = d_{n} - 2\operatorname{rank}(A)$ and the level-one dimension $\pi(n) - \pi(n/2)$; the spectral measure of the positive part is heavy-tailed and mutually singular with the empirical measure of the nontrivial zeros of $\zeta$, providing a structural obstruction to the Hilbert--P\'olya program on $\Delta_{n}$. Third, we revisit the Toeplitz pencil constructed from the Guinand--Weil explicit formula. We show that the restriction $\Delta_{\max}\lesssim 0.3$ imposed in an earlier version of this work is not intrinsic: the pole term $\cosh(\Delta/2)\mathrm{e}^{\sigma^{2}/4}$ is an exact contribution of the explicit formula and can be retained without loss of numerical stability up to $\Delta_{\max}\sim 15$ in double precision. With parameters $\sigma = 2.5\times 10^{-4}$, $\delta = 5\times 10^{-4}$, $K = 3\times 10^{4}$, the pencil recovers $1839$ of the first 2000 nontrivial zeros of $\zeta$ with mean relative error $0.3249\%$, median $0.4155\%$, and maximum $0.5000\%$. A reality test on the generalised eigenvalues---the deviation of $|z_{k}|$ from $1$---shows that $5576$ of $7000$ extracted modes lie on the unit circle within $10^{-4}$, with median deviation $3.75\times 10^{-5}$, providing numerical evidence for the Riemann Hypothesis on this finite dataset. No proof of RH is claimed.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Advanced Algebra and Geometry
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