Why has gene drive research advanced so differently in Anopheles and Aedes?

Gene drive research has advanced unevenly across mosquito vectors, with high-efficiency homing systems reported earlier in Anopheles than in Aedes aegypti. This article examines the biological reasons behind that difference, focusing on germline expression, DNA repair timing, resistance allele formation, life history, egg desiccation tolerance, urban population structure, target choice and effector biology. It argues that the contrast is not a simple story of success versus failure, but one of biological fit: gene drive systems operate within species-specific developmental, ecological and disease-control contexts. The article also considers how different research goals, including population suppression in Anopheles and population replacement for arbovirus control in Aedes, shape the evidence needed to assess performance. It discusses recent progress in Aedes aegypti gene drive research and identifies open questions for modelling, risk assessment and decision-making. As a living literature review, this article will be updated as new evidence and comparative insights emerge.