Heavy metal levels in crop and livestock product in Ethiopia: a review

Heavy metal contamination in food is a growing public health concern due to its potential for chronic toxicity. In Ethiopia, several studies have reported elevated levels of heavy metals in cereals, vegetables, fruits, milk, and fish across different regions, particularly in industrial and urban areas. Cereals such as teff, wheat, barley, and maize from Deberemarkose showed elevated cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu), while vegetables from Sebeta, Mojo, Dukem, and Akaki, and Debre Birhan exhibited lead (Pb) and Cd levels exceeding FAO/WHO permissible limits. Fruits generally contained acceptable metal concentrations except in Arbaminch, where Pb and chromium (Cr) levels were critically high. Milk from Hawasa Industrial Zone displayed Cu and Cr levels above safe thresholds, while fish from Gilgel Gibe, Koka, Lake Tana, and Hashenge lakes revealed elevated Pb, Cd, and Cr concentrations. Copper levels were mostly within permissible limits, and mercury (Hg) levels in fish were below the maximum limit. Overall, foods from industrial, urban, and heavily cultivated areas show significant heavy metal contamination, highlighting the need for continuous monitoring, regulation of industrial emissions, and improved agricultural practices to safeguard public health.