THE NEW SPEED OF LIGHT, THE GREAT PYRAMID, AND THE DISPLACEMENT OF THE EARTH'S AXIS

This study presents a mathematical and computational investigation of a three-dimensional geometric construction based on the conventional speed of light in vacuum, c=299,792,458 m/s,c = 299,792,458\\ \\mathrm{m/s}, and the vector v⃗=(c,c,c).\\vec{v}=(c,c,c). The magnitude of this vector is c′=c2+c2+c2=c3,c'=\\sqrt{c^2+c^2+c^2}=c\\sqrt{3}, giving c′=519,255,768.982 m/s.c'=519,255,768.982\\ \\mathrm{m/s}. The proposed value c′c' is treated strictly as a geometric hypothesis and is not introduced as a replacement for the SI-defined value of cc. The analysis separates spatial geometry from propagation time. Cartesian coordinates are defined by X=rcos⁡(θ),X=r\\cos(\\theta), Y=rsin⁡(θ),Y=r\\sin(\\theta), and therefore do not contain the propagation velocity as a variable. Changing cc to c′c' consequently leaves the spatial coordinates unchanged while modifying only the calculated propagation time, t=Dv.t=\\frac{D}{v}. The study first examines a numerical relation involving the Great Pyramid of Giza. Using the conventional value of cc, c107=29.9792458∘,\\frac{c}{10^7}=29.9792458^\\circ, which is compared with the geodetic latitude of the Great Pyramid, ϕG=29.979179557901∘.\\phi_G=29.979179557901^\\circ. The angular difference is 0.000066242099∘,0.000066242099^\\circ, equivalent to approximately 0.2384715564′′0.2384715564'' and, using the corresponding meridional radius of curvature, approximately 7.387.38 m of geodetic distance. Distributed over 4,500 years, this corresponds to approximately 1.641.64 mm/year. The document also records polar-motion and tectonic-motion reference quantities, including a polar-motion magnitude of approximately 0.00403626065′′/year0.00403626065''/\\mathrm{year}, equivalent to 4.036260654.03626065 milliarcseconds per year, and a tectonic displacement reference of 6.76.7 cm/year. The proposed three-dimensional value produces c′107=51.9255768982∘,\\frac{c'}{10^7}=51.9255768982^\\circ, which is also recorded and compared numerically with the Great Pyramid latitude. The analysis then applies the two propagation velocities to astronomical distances. The astronomical unit is taken as 1 AU=149,597,870,700 m.1\\ \\mathrm{AU}=149,597,870,700\\ \\mathrm{m}. For one astronomical unit, the calculated propagation times are approximately tc=499.004784 st_c=499.004784\\ \\mathrm{s} and tc′=288.100834 s.t_{c'}=288.100834\\ \\mathrm{s}. The same procedure is applied to the planetary distances of Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The spatial positions remain unchanged under the substitution c→c′c\\rightarrow c'; only the calculated propagation times vary. A solar-diameter normalization is also introduced using DSun=1,392,700,000 m.D_{\\mathrm{Sun}}=1,392,700,000\\ \\mathrm{m}. The planetary distances are expressed as multiples of the solar diameter, providing an additional dimensionless representation of the Solar System. The study further develops a normalized geometric representation in which the Sun is placed at the origin and Earth is located at 11 AU. A midpoint at X=0.5X=0.5 AU is used as a geometric reference corresponding to the numerical value β=1/2\\beta=1/2 associated with the critical line of the Riemann zeta function. This construction is treated as a spatial normalization and is independent of the choice between cc and c′c'. A galactic-scale construction is also presented. The Sun is represented at an approximate distance of 26,000 light-years from the Galactic Center, with the midpoint located at approximately 13,000 light-years. The corresponding propagation times are calculated using both cc and c′c', without changing the underlying spatial distance. The principal empirical comparison concerns propagation-time calculations using Voyager 1 ranging data. For the numerical test presented in the document, the distance is D=25.687×1012 m,D=25.687\\times10^{12}\\ \\mathrm{m}, and the reference propagation time is tobs=85,682.00 s.t_{\\mathrm{obs}}=85,682.00\\ \\mathrm{s}. Using the conventional speed cc, tc≈85,682.61 s,t_c\\approx85,682.61\\ \\mathrm{s}, with an absolute residual of approximately Ec=0.61 s.E_c=0.61\\ \\mathrm{s}. Using the proposed geometric value c′c', tc′≈49,468.88 s,t_{c'}\\approx49,468.88\\ \\mathrm{s}, with an absolute residual of approximately Ec′=36,213.12 s,E_{c'}=36,213.12\\ \\mathrm{s}, equivalent to approximately 10.0610.06 hours. A second numerical test uses a one-AU round-trip distance, DRT=299,195,741,400 m.D_{\\mathrm{RT}}=299,195,741,400\\ \\mathrm{m}. The conventional calculation gives approximately tc=998.01 s,t_c=998.01\\ \\mathrm{s}, whereas the proposed value gives tc′=576.20 s.t_{c'}=576.20\\ \\mathrm{s}. The corresponding difference between the two calculated propagation times is approximately 421.81 s,421.81\\ \\mathrm{s}, or approximately 77 minutes and 1.81.8 seconds. The document therefore provides a direct numerical comparison between the conventional propagation velocity cc and the proposed geometric magnitude c′=c3c'=c\\sqrt{3}, while keeping the spatial distances, coordinate systems, astronomical units, and geometric constructions unchanged. The methodology explicitly distinguishes spatial coordinates, geometric normalization, propagation-time equations, reference observations, calculated values, and numerical residuals. The resulting tables are intended to allow the two propagation models to be compared directly using the same distances and reference times. Keywords Speed of light; c3c\\sqrt{3}; three-dimensional velocity; vector magnitude; geometric hypothesis; propagation time; Great Pyramid of Giza; geodesy; polar motion; tectonic motion; Solar System geometry; astronomical unit; Voyager 1; interstellar ranging; spatial invariance; propagation-time residual; Riemann critical line; Galactic geometry; computational test; mathematical model.