Assessing Sustainability Performance in the Life Insurance Industry: An Integrated Sustainability Balanced Scorecard Framework Under q‐Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Information

ABSTRACT Assessing the sustainability performance of life insurers has become increasingly important, as long‐term competitiveness depends not only on financial soundness but also on environmental, social, organizational, and governance‐related capabilities. This research develops an integrated Sustainability Balanced Scorecard‐based framework by extending the traditional Balanced Scorecard with social and environmental sustainability dimensions. Drawing on the relevant literature, 30 criteria across seven performance dimensions are identified, and the proposed framework is applied to 10 leading life insurers in Türkiye. Methodologically, q‐ROF subjective weighting and q‐ROF‐SPC are employed to derive integrated criterion weights, while q‐ROF‐MARA is used to rank insurer performance under uncertainty. The results show that premium growth carries the highest criterion weight, followed by employee retention and workforce stability, sustainability reporting and disclosure quality, return on equity, and risk governance and internal control. Sensitivity and comparative analyses support the robustness of the findings. This research contributes to the sustainability performance literature by offering a strategically grounded framework for sustainability assessment under uncertainty in the life insurance industry.