Practical flow state detection: Entropy-based EEG classification from portable EEG headbands

Flow state, characterized by deep engagement and immersion during challenging activities, represents a valuable mental state with significant implications for learning, performance, and rehabilitation outcomes. While flow has been extensively studied behaviorally, objective neurophysiological detection methods suitable for real-world deployment remain limited. Electroencephalography (EEG) offers a promising avenue for flow detection due to its accessibility, portability, and superior temporal resolution; however, the utility of consumer-grade EEG devices for robust, and subject independent flow classification has been insufficiently explored. This study validates entropy-based biomarkers for flow state detection using two wearable EEG headsets, Muse-S and Emotiv Insight, across 45 participants performing adaptive Tetris gameplay. After denoising, we applied the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to decompose the signals into multiple frequency sub-bands. From each sub-band, entropy-based features, combining channel-wise measures (Slope Entropy, Distribution Entropy, Spectral Entropy) with cross-channel descriptors (Cross Distribution Entropy, Cross Spectral Entropy) were extracted. These features were then used as input to a Random Forest classifier (RF), evaluated with two validation schemes: Random Sampling (RS) and Leave-One-Subject-Out (LOSO). Under random sampling cross-validation, Random Forest classifiers achieved 97% mean accuracy; under the more rigorous leave-one-subject-out (LOSO) scheme, average accuracy reached 75%, demonstrating genuine cross-subject generalizability. Comprehensive multi-classifier validation (SVM-RBF, GentleBoost, k-NN, Fitted Discriminant, Naive Bayes) confirmed that entropy biomarkers are robust across diverse modeling frameworks. These findings establish features as reliable, device-independent neural signatures of flow and demonstrate the feasibility of consumer EEG for practical flow detection in real-world scenarios, a critical advancement toward deployable neuroergonomic assessment, adaptive training systems, and personalized rehabilitation interventions.