Bacterial gene transfer in chemotaxis language: a laboratory class that integrates phage transduction, gene mapping, transformation, and gene expression

ABSTRACT Practical laboratory (PL) experiences are essential for conceptual understanding and for motivation. The PL presented in this work combines classical genetic techniques—such as generalized transduction using P1 phage and bacterial transformation—with phenotypic analysis of chemotactic behavior in Escherichia coli . The chemotaxis system presents a visually engaging and attractive model of signal transduction, while P1-mediated transduction offers a powerful, low-cost approach for hands-on experimentation in bacterial genetics. Over the course of 10 sessions, students explore key topics including gene transfer mechanisms, genetic linkage, and complementation, carrying out a series of scaffolded experiments. This activity promotes active learning, data analysis, critical thinking, and teamwork while reinforcing practical wet-lab skills and experimental design. The structure of the PL simulates a real research workflow, helping students build problem-solving abilities and develop confidence in their laboratory performance. This educational model can be adaptable to different teaching contexts and provides an effective framework for introducing complex genetic concepts in an accessible and effective manner.