Applying sport and performance psychology to space exploration: enhancing astronaut training, performance and mission readiness

Elite athletes and astronauts share a common goal: achieving high performance under pressure in environments demanding exceptional performance psychological abilities and preparedness. As extended missions to the Moon and Mars become imminent, space agencies may also consider sport and performance psychology methods to support astronaut mental health, training, and performance in such extreme, isolated, and confined conditions. However, the literature exploring the application of sport and performance psychology in space contexts is limited. Accordingly, this paper examines several key self-regulation techniques along with technological tools, that hold promise for enhancing astronaut psychological performance and readiness. By reviewing current knowledge and identifying areas for adaptation and integration, this paper highlights the potential for sport and performance psychology research to address the unique psychological challenges of space missions.