Powering Hyperscale AI Data Centers with Off-Grid Solar, Battery, and Hydrogen

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) data centers are emerging as a major source of electricity demand, driving interest in renewable-powered and off-grid energy systems as grid interconnection delays, generator shortages, and infrastructure constraints complicate high load factor operation. In this Perspective, we model a 1-GW off-grid solar-powered AI data center and show that battery-only systems exhibit rapid cost escalation at high load factor because of solar and battery overbuild, curtailment, and underutilized storage capacity. In contrast, battery + hydrogen systems suppress this behavior by allowing batteries to manage daily fluctuations, while hydrogen provides long-duration and seasonal energy storage through underground hydrogen storage. Sensitivity analysis further shows that the economic advantage of battery + hydrogen architectures persists across a wide range of hydrogen subsystem costs. More broadly, this Perspective suggests that high-load-factor AI data centers may represent an early commercialization pathway for hydrogen-based seasonal energy infrastructure.