Modeling ovarian hormone effects on glucose–insulin control in type 1 diabetes

Abstract Women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) may experience challenges in glycemic control driven by biological sex–specific hormonal fluctuations. Across the menstrual cycle, clinical studies have reported phase‐dependent variations in time in range (TIR), with periods of increased hyperglycemia associated with changes in insulin sensitivity (IS). However, IS is not the sole metabolic process influenced by ovarian hormones; multiple regulatory mechanisms involved in glucose homeostasis appear to be modulated, adding complexity to insulin therapy management in women with T1DM using current automated insulin delivery (AID) systems. In this context, the present work conducts a narrative review of physiologically based mathematical models that seek to couple ovarian hormonal dynamics with glucose–insulin regulation. The analysis reveals a limited number of models that explicitly integrate these interacting systems, highlighting important gaps in the current modeling landscape. These findings underscore the need for physiologically informed models that more accurately represent hormonal–metabolic interactions in women with T1DM, with potential implications for the future development of sex‐specific simulation tools and adaptive closed‐loop insulin delivery strategies.