The Social Adaptation Process from the Perspective of International Students: Friendship and Sense of Belonging

This study examined the psychosocial problems, loneliness levels, and social adaptation experiences of international university students studying in Türkiye. Employing a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design, the study first collected quantitative data through a convenience sample of 320 international students enrolled at public universities. Participants completed the International Student Psychosocial Problems Scale, the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA-S), and a demographic information form. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, reliability analyses, and normality checks. In the qualitative phase, 21 students, selected based on scale scores and voluntary participation, were interviewed through semi-structured interviews. The qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis via MAXQDA software, and three main themes emerged: Social Adaptation Process, Friendship and Peer Relationships, and Sense of Belonging. Quantitative findings indicated moderate-to-high levels of psychosocial problems and social loneliness, while qualitative findings revealed that language proficiency, peer interaction, and emotional inclusion played a significant role in students’ adjustment. The study highlights the need for sustained culturally responsive support to enhance international students’ well-being and integration in Türkiye.