Biopsychosocial factors associated with sleep quality among non-agricultural working-age adults

Abstract Background Sleep quality is an important determinant of overall health and well-being. Lifestyle behaviours and sociodemographic characteristics may be associated with sleep quality. This study aimed to examine factors associated with good sleep quality among non-agricultural working-age adults. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Chiang Klang District, Nan Province, Thailand. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle behaviours, dietary intake, and clinical parameters were collected using structured questionnaires, health examinations, and laboratory investigations. Sleep quality was categorized as good or poor based on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to explore associations with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Of 273 participants, 179 (65.6%) reported good sleep quality and 94 (34.4%) reported poor sleep quality. Former alcohol consumption was more prevalent among those with poor sleep quality (19.1% vs. 8.4%, p = 0.009), as was high fat dietary intake (30.8% vs. 16.2%, p = 0.012). In multivariable analysis, female sex (aOR 0.51, p = 0.005), former alcohol consumption (aOR 0.18, p = 0.007), and high fat intake (aOR 0.22, p = 0.032) were independently associated with lower odds of good sleep quality. In contrast, higher physical activity was associated with higher odds of good sleep quality (aOR 2.07, p = 0.035). Conclusions Sleep quality among working-age adults was associated with both biological (female sex) and behavioural (former alcohol consumption, high dietary fat intake, physical activity) factors. These findings identify some potentially modifiable lifestyle behaviours that may inform future preventive strategies in primary care; however, the cross-sectional design precludes causal inference.