TL-THAAD-inspired event-driven GMPPT strategy for PV systems with comprehensive multi-criteria and statistical validation

Partial shade in photovoltaic (PV) systems results in a nonlinear and multimodal power-voltage (P-V) curve including many local maxima, complicating the global maximum power point tracking (GMPPT) as a non-convex optimization challenge. This paper introduces a deterministic, event-oriented GMPPT approach, referred to as TL-THAAD-GMPPT. The proposed approach structures the tracking procedure into four consecutive decision tiers: observation, differentiation, interaction, and evaluation. Global exploration is initiated just upon the identification of a substantial decline in the operating point, thereby minimizing superfluous control measures while maintaining the possibility for global search. TL-THAAD-GMPPT integrates limited bounded probing, systematic candidate prioritization, directed duty-cycle convergence, and ripple-sensitive persistence evaluation to ascertain and maintain the global operational domain. The proposed method was assessed using a MATLAB/Simulink model of a photovoltaic-fed boost converter during standard operation, four static partial shading scenarios, and dynamic shifts between operational conditions. The validation included transient and steady-state performance, multi-criteria evaluation, statistical examination, and ablation studies to measure the impact of the key algorithmic elements.The findings indicate that TL-THAAD-GMPPT attains convergence durations of about 0.2 s in the assessed static PSC scenarios, with steady-state power fluctuations constrained to around ± 1–±2 W and proficient elimination of local maximum power point traps. The GMPP tracking efficiency attained across the four static scenarios varies between 98.7% and 99.6%. The proposed approach achieves the superior overall multi-criteria performance, shown by a radar-area index of 2.77 A.U. and a global weighted-value index (WVI) of 0.950 (95% confidence interval: 0.941–0.958). These findings indicate that TL-THAAD-GMPPT delivers an effective deterministic approach for worldwide photovoltaic power monitoring in intricate partial-shading scenarios, circumventing the ongoing population-based optimization necessitated by several stochastic GMPPT techniques.