Clinical Outcomes and Factors Associated with Response to Fluoroscopy-Guided Cervical Medial Branch Pulsed Radiofrequency in Chronic Cervical Facet Joint Pain: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Background and Objectives: Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) of the cervical medial branches is a non-destructive neuromodulatory option for chronic cervical facet joint pain, yet evidence regarding the durability of clinical response and factors associated with sustained benefit remains limited. This study aimed to characterize the 6-month trajectory of pain and disability after fluoroscopy-guided cervical medial branch PRF and to explore baseline factors associated with meaningful pain relief (MPR). Materials and Methods: In this retrospective single-center cohort study, 75 patients with chronic cervical facet joint pain who achieved ≥50% temporary pain relief following a diagnostic medial branch block underwent fluoroscopy-guided cervical medial branch PRF, followed by injection of local anesthetic and corticosteroid at the treated levels. Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and Neck Disability Index (NDI) scores were evaluated at baseline and at 1, 3, and 6 months. MPR was defined as ≥50% reduction in NRS from baseline. Global Perceived Effect (GPE) and changes in analgesic medication use were assessed as complementary clinical outcomes. An exploratory multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to examine factors independently associated with MPR at 6 months. Results: Median NRS scores decreased from 7.0 at baseline to 4.0, 4.0, and 5.0 at 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively, while median NDI scores decreased from 30.0 to 14.0, 16.0, and 20.0 (both overall p < 0.001). Despite sustained improvement relative to baseline, MPR progressively declined from 57.3% at 1 month to 49.3% at 3 months and 36.0% at 6 months (overall p < 0.001). Favorable GPE and reduced analgesic medication use showed parallel declines, supporting attenuation of overall clinical benefit over time. In the exploratory multivariable model, fibromyalgia was independently associated with 75% lower odds of 6-month MPR (OR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.088–0.709; p = 0.009). Age, sex, and baseline NRS were not significantly associated with 6-month MPR. No serious acute periprocedural adverse events were documented during the 2 h observation period. Conclusions: Fluoroscopy-guided cervical medial branch PRF, combined with post-procedural corticosteroid and local anesthetic administration, was associated with clinically meaningful improvements in both pain and neck-related disability, with the greatest benefit during the first 3 months and partial attenuation by 6 months. The progressive decline across pain response, patient-reported global improvement, and analgesic-use outcomes highlights the time-dependent nature of the benefit associated with the combined intervention. Fibromyalgia was independently associated with substantially lower odds of 6-month MPR in this exploratory analysis; this association should be interpreted cautiously and requires prospective validation before it can inform patient selection, although it may be relevant when counseling patients regarding the durability of response.