Beyond carbon in sustainable anaesthesia: a reply

Beyond carbon in sustainable anaesthesia: a replyWe thank Kalmar and Rex for their thoughtful response [1] to our editorial [2] and for further highlighting several limitations of current environmental assessments in anaesthesia.We are broadly aligned in our conclusions and welcome their emphasis on upstream emissions, active pharmaceutical ingredient release and the environmental consequences of fluorinated compounds.The observation that cradle-to-grave boundaries, applied commonly to equipment and intravenous drugs,