Exposure assessment and cancer risk of aflatoxin B1 in vegetable oils consumed in Tehran, Iran

Abstract This study evaluated dietary exposure and cancer risk associated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in 90 edible vegetable oil samples (olive, corn, and sunflower) collected from Tehran, Iran. AFB1 concentrations were measured using HPLC-FLD, and risk was assessed through Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Margin of Exposure (MOE), and cancer risk indices. AFB1 was detected in all samples, with levels ranging from 2.22 to 50.43 µg/kg—exceeding the EU limit of 2 µg/kg. Corn oil had the highest mean concentration (31.09 ± 9.33 µg/kg), while olive oil had the lowest (11.32 ± 5.78 µg/kg). MOE values for all oil types were below 10000, indicating potential concern under current consumption patterns rather than a definitive public health threat. Cancer incidence estimates were highest for sunflower oil due to its greater dietary intake, not because of higher intrinsic toxicity. Interpretation of these findings should consider limitations related to sampling scope, seasonal coverage, and deterministic exposure assumptions. Overall, the results support the need for strengthened monitoring and improved storage and handling practices throughout the oilseed supply chain to reduce consumer exposure to AFB1.